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        <h2 id="程序和进程"><a href="#程序和进程" class="headerlink" title="程序和进程"></a>程序和进程</h2><p>操作系统的基本控制原理是围绕进程展开的。但是，进程控制的复杂性，是由操作系统的并发机制引发。</p>
<h3 id="1、并发控制"><a href="#1、并发控制" class="headerlink" title="1、并发控制"></a>1、并发控制</h3><p>在支持多道程序的环境中，允许一个或多个进程在系统中并发执行，但由于硬件资源的有限性，使得并发执行的若干个程序之间会出现竞争有限的计算机资源(软/硬)。这时就需要操作系统来协调和优化对进程的系统资源分配。</p>
<a id="more"></a>

<h4 id="多道程序设计"><a href="#多道程序设计" class="headerlink" title="多道程序设计"></a>多道程序设计</h4><p>操作系统管理的硬件资源中，主要分为两大类：</p>
<p>一类是组成计算机主要功能的部件，如CPU，高速缓存，内存等</p>
<p>一类是外围设备，如硬盘，键盘，显示器，打印机等</p>
<p>由于这两种设备的组成材料不同，CUP、内存等工作时的速度远大于各种外围设备。</p>
<p>比如，系统中<strong>只运行一个程序时</strong>，程序需要读取硬盘数据，CPU如果花了1ns完成控制命令，而硬盘读取该数据花费10ms，这时，CPU将只能等待硬盘读取数据，不做任何事情，这样就会导致<strong>CPU的利用率低下</strong>。</p>
<p>多道程序设计的任务就是将<strong>内存划分若干份，每部分存放不同的程序代码</strong>。当某个进程处于等待某个外设操作时，CPU就保存当前进程运行信息，选择另一个内存中的进程执行，这样就可以使CPU大部分时间处于忙碌状态，<strong>极大提高利用率</strong>。</p>
<h4 id="分时共享"><a href="#分时共享" class="headerlink" title="分时共享"></a>分时共享</h4><p>但多道程序也会出现弊端，当多道程序中有一个进程是一个大型的科学计算，导致一直占据CPU资源，而内存中的其他进程只能等待。但用户希望其他进程也能执行，这就导致了分时系统的出现。</p>
<p>在分时系统中，系统为内存中的进程<strong>分配一个时间片</strong>，当进程的执行时间片用完后，操作系统就调度另一个就绪的进程开始执行。CPU的执行和切换速度极快，从而导致了<strong>宏观上的并行，微观上的串行</strong>。</p>
<h3 id="2、进程的定义和特征"><a href="#2、进程的定义和特征" class="headerlink" title="2、进程的定义和特征"></a>2、进程的定义和特征</h3><h4 id="程序和进程的区别"><a href="#程序和进程的区别" class="headerlink" title="程序和进程的区别"></a>程序和进程的区别</h4><p><strong>程序就是一系列的指令集合，是静态的。</strong></p>
<p>当程序被编译成二进制可执行代码由操作系统内核将其装入内存后，它由三部分组成：代码段，数据段和堆栈段。这三部分称为程序映像。</p>
<p>在内存中的映像运行前，操作系统还需要为进程表项中分配被称为进程控制块的内核数据结构。内核程序为程序映像分配了进程控制块后，程序映像就转化为进程映像，<strong>当调度程序调度该进程映像执行时，就是所谓的进程。</strong></p>
<p>进程的定义：<strong>进程是一个多元组，P=(p, h, f, c, s);进程是有生命周期的，能动态的产生、运行和消亡。</strong></p>
<p>程序与进程的差别：程序就像是一个项目的计划书，而进程就是执行该计划的过程。</p>
<h4 id="进程的特征"><a href="#进程的特征" class="headerlink" title="进程的特征"></a>进程的特征</h4><p>进程的<strong>基本特征是动态性和并发性</strong>。同时还具有独立性、异步性和结构性。</p>
<h4 id="进程状态"><a href="#进程状态" class="headerlink" title="进程状态"></a>进程状态</h4><p>新建态、就绪态、运行态、阻塞态、终止态。</p>
<h4 id="进程的组成"><a href="#进程的组成" class="headerlink" title="进程的组成"></a>进程的组成</h4><p><img src="https://durianyang.gitee.io/blog/img/Snipaste_2020-05-01_13-57-13.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>进程是操作系统中“计算活动的独立实体”，因此内核在管理控制进程时，必须知道关于每个进程的大量控制信息，这些信息被称为进程属性，保存在一个进程控制块(PCB， 该结构也称为进程表)中。</p>
<p><img src="https://durianyang.gitee.io/blog/img/Snipaste_2020-05-01_13-56-54.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>PCB中保存的信息可以分为两大类：</p>
<ul>
<li>执行进程使用的处理机硬件资源信息。</li>
<li>进程控制所需要的软件资源信息，如进程标识符，进程状态和进程控制信息。</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="进程的组织"><a href="#进程的组织" class="headerlink" title="进程的组织"></a>进程的组织</h4><p>操作系统内核使用进程控制块（PCB）来描述每个进程，并根据PCB信息对处于各种转态的进程进行有效的查找、访问和删除操作。</p>
<p>由于进程是动态的实体，为了对处于不同状态进程有效管理，内核建立了几个进程链表，根据进程的运行、就绪、阻塞三个状态划分。每个进程链表由指向进程PCB的指针连接在一起。</p>
<p><img src="https://durianyang.gitee.io/blog/img/Snipaste_2020-05-01_14-32-21.jpg" alt=""></p>
<h2 id="3、进程控制"><a href="#3、进程控制" class="headerlink" title="3、进程控制"></a>3、进程控制</h2><p>进程是操作系统进行资源分配的基本单位，进程控制具有创建进程，撤销进程、实现进程状态转换等功能。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>操作系统使用内核中的“原语”实现对进程的控制。</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="处理机执行模式"><a href="#处理机执行模式" class="headerlink" title="处理机执行模式"></a>处理机执行模式</h4><p>从系统安全和保护模式的角度出发，处理机的模式一般分为两种，用户模式（用户态），核心模式（核心态）。</p>
<p>只有处于核心态时才能运行特权指令。通过特权指令，可以执行访问各种寄存器，IO指令，以及程序状态控制字。一般而言，进程管理，文件管理等需要处理机处于核心态才可以控制。所以，处理机运行期间需要不断变态。</p>
<p>在多道程序的分时系统中，进程切换的时机只能是在中断事件发生时，中断事件又分为硬中断，软中断和异常事件。如果进程的时间片用完，中断事件发生时可以需要进行进程切换，如果时间片没有用完，也可能不发生进程切换。但当<strong>中断事件发生时，一定伴随处理机的状态转换</strong>。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>只有中断可以使处理机从用户态转变为核心态</p>
</blockquote>
<p>处理机响应中断的过程如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>保存断点，即保存程序计数器的当前值</li>
<li>将中断服务程序的入口地址装入程序计数器</li>
<li>处理机从用户态切换为核心态，执行中断程序或核心代码</li>
</ul>
<p>这里的中断类型可能不一致，但系统会根据中断号查找<strong>中断向量</strong>表执行相应程序。</p>

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